Estoy usando Postgres 9.3.5 y tengo una tabla grande en la base de datos, actualmente tiene más de 25 millones de filas y tiende a crecer aún más rápidamente. Estoy tratando de seleccionar filas específicas (todas unit_ids con solo las últimas unit_timestamppara cada una de ellas) con una consulta simple como:
SELECT unit_id, max(unit_timestamp) AS latest_timestamp FROM all_units GROUP BY unit_id;Sin ningún índice, esta consulta tarda unos 35 segundos en ejecutarse. Con un índice definido (CREATE INDEX partial_idx ON all_units (unit_id, unit_timestamp DESC); ), el tiempo de consulta se acorta a aproximadamente (solo) 19 segundos.
Me pregunto si alguna vez será posible ejecutar mi consulta en incluso menos tiempo (como solo unos segundos) y, de ser así, ¿qué pasos debo seguir para optimizarla aún más?
Mi volcado de estructura de tabla se ve así:
CREATE TABLE "all_units" (
"unit_id" int4 NOT NULL,
"unit_timestamp" timestamp(6) NOT NULL,
"lon" float4,
"lat" float4,
"speed" float4,
"status" varchar(255) COLLATE "default"
)
ALTER TABLE "all_units" ADD PRIMARY KEY ("unit_id", "unit_timestamp");Lo EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS)siguiente:
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HashAggregate (cost=663998.38..664069.73 rows=7135 width=12) (actual time=84715.050..84732.021 rows=11094 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=192 read=286819
-> Seq Scan on ais_sorted (cost=0.00..538335.92 rows=25132492 width=12) (actual time=0.608..41264.196 rows=25132492 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=192 read=286819
Total runtime: 84746.501 msy mi configuración de psql en el servidor se ve así:
name | context | min_val | max_val | boot_val
-------------------------------------+------------+-----------+--------------+-----------------------------------------
allow_system_table_mods | postmaster | | | off
application_name | user | | |
archive_command | sighup | | |
archive_mode | postmaster | | | off
archive_timeout | sighup | 0 | 1073741823 | 0
array_nulls | user | | | on
authentication_timeout | sighup | 1 | 600 | 60
autovacuum | sighup | | | on
autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor | sighup | 0 | 100 | 0.1
autovacuum_analyze_threshold | sighup | 0 | 2147483647 | 50
autovacuum_freeze_max_age | postmaster | 100000000 | 2000000000 | 200000000
autovacuum_max_workers | postmaster | 1 | 8388607 | 3
autovacuum_multixact_freeze_max_age | postmaster | 10000000 | 2000000000 | 400000000
autovacuum_naptime | sighup | 1 | 2147483 | 60
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay | sighup | -1 | 100 | 20
autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit | sighup | -1 | 10000 | -1
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor | sighup | 0 | 100 | 0.2
autovacuum_vacuum_threshold | sighup | 0 | 2147483647 | 50
backslash_quote | user | | | safe_encoding
bgwriter_delay | sighup | 10 | 10000 | 200
bgwriter_lru_maxpages | sighup | 0 | 1000 | 100
bgwriter_lru_multiplier | sighup | 0 | 10 | 2
block_size | internal | 8192 | 8192 | 8192
bonjour | postmaster | | | off
bonjour_name | postmaster | | |
bytea_output | user | | | hex
check_function_bodies | user | | | on
checkpoint_completion_target | sighup | 0 | 1 | 0.5
checkpoint_segments | sighup | 1 | 2147483647 | 3
checkpoint_timeout | sighup | 30 | 3600 | 300
checkpoint_warning | sighup | 0 | 2147483647 | 30
client_encoding | user | | | SQL_ASCII
client_min_messages | user | | | notice
commit_delay | superuser | 0 | 100000 | 0
commit_siblings | user | 0 | 1000 | 5
config_file | postmaster | | |
constraint_exclusion | user | | | partition
cpu_index_tuple_cost | user | 0 | 1.79769e+308 | 0.005
cpu_operator_cost | user | 0 | 1.79769e+308 | 0.0025
cpu_tuple_cost | user | 0 | 1.79769e+308 | 0.01
cursor_tuple_fraction | user | 0 | 1 | 0.1
data_checksums | internal | | | off
data_directory | postmaster | | |
DateStyle | user | | | ISO, MDY
db_user_namespace | sighup | | | off
deadlock_timeout | superuser | 1 | 2147483647 | 1000
debug_assertions | user | | | off
debug_pretty_print | user | | | on
debug_print_parse | user | | | off
debug_print_plan | user | | | off
debug_print_rewritten | user | | | off
default_statistics_target | user | 1 | 10000 | 100
default_tablespace | user | | |
default_text_search_config | user | | | pg_catalog.simple
default_transaction_deferrable | user | | | off
default_transaction_isolation | user | | | read committed
default_transaction_read_only | user | | | off
default_with_oids | user | | | off
dynamic_library_path | superuser | | | $libdir
effective_cache_size | user | 1 | 2147483647 | 16384
effective_io_concurrency | user | 0 | 1000 | 1
enable_bitmapscan | user | | | on
enable_hashagg | user | | | on
enable_hashjoin | user | | | on
enable_indexonlyscan | user | | | on
enable_indexscan | user | | | on
enable_material | user | | | on
enable_mergejoin | user | | | on
enable_nestloop | user | | | on
enable_seqscan | user | | | on
enable_sort | user | | | on
enable_tidscan | user | | | on
escape_string_warning | user | | | on
event_source | postmaster | | | PostgreSQL
exit_on_error | user | | | off
external_pid_file | postmaster | | |
extra_float_digits | user | -15 | 3 | 0
from_collapse_limit | user | 1 | 2147483647 | 8
fsync | sighup | | | on
full_page_writes | sighup | | | on
geqo | user | | | on
geqo_effort | user | 1 | 10 | 5
geqo_generations | user | 0 | 2147483647 | 0
geqo_pool_size | user | 0 | 2147483647 | 0
geqo_seed | user | 0 | 1 | 0
geqo_selection_bias | user | 1.5 | 2 | 2
geqo_threshold | user | 2 | 2147483647 | 12
gin_fuzzy_search_limit | user | 0 | 2147483647 | 0
hba_file | postmaster | | |
hot_standby | postmaster | | | off
hot_standby_feedback | sighup | | | off
ident_file | postmaster | | |
ignore_checksum_failure | superuser | | | off
ignore_system_indexes | backend | | | off
integer_datetimes | internal | | | on
IntervalStyle | user | | | postgres
join_collapse_limit | user | 1 | 2147483647 | 8
krb_caseins_users | sighup | | | off
krb_server_keyfile | sighup | | | FILE:/etc/postgresql-common/krb5.keytab
krb_srvname | sighup | | | postgres
lc_collate | internal | | | C
lc_ctype | internal | | | C
lc_messages | superuser | | |
lc_monetary | user | | | C
lc_numeric | user | | | C
lc_time | user | | | C
listen_addresses | postmaster | | | localhost
lo_compat_privileges | superuser | | | off
local_preload_libraries | backend | | |
lock_timeout | user | 0 | 2147483647 | 0
log_autovacuum_min_duration | sighup | -1 | 2147483647 | -1
log_checkpoints | sighup | | | off
log_connections | backend | | | off
log_destination | sighup | | | stderr
log_directory | sighup | | | pg_log
log_disconnections | backend | | | off
log_duration | superuser | | | off
log_error_verbosity | superuser | | | default
log_executor_stats | superuser | | | off
log_file_mode | sighup | 0 | 511 | 384
log_filename | sighup | | | postgresql-%Y-%m-%d_%H%M%S.log
log_hostname | sighup | | | off
log_line_prefix | sighup | | |
log_lock_waits | superuser | | | off
log_min_duration_statement | superuser | -1 | 2147483647 | -1
log_min_error_statement | superuser | | | error
log_min_messages | superuser | | | warning
log_parser_stats | superuser | | | off
log_planner_stats | superuser | | | off
log_rotation_age | sighup | 0 | 35791394 | 1440
log_rotation_size | sighup | 0 | 2097151 | 10240
log_statement | superuser | | | none
log_statement_stats | superuser | | | off
log_temp_files | superuser | -1 | 2147483647 | -1
log_timezone | sighup | | | GMT
log_truncate_on_rotation | sighup | | | off
logging_collector | postmaster | | | off
maintenance_work_mem | user | 1024 | 2147483647 | 16384
max_connections | postmaster | 1 | 8388607 | 100
max_files_per_process | postmaster | 25 | 2147483647 | 1000
max_function_args | internal | 100 | 100 | 100
max_identifier_length | internal | 63 | 63 | 63
max_index_keys | internal | 32 | 32 | 32
max_locks_per_transaction | postmaster | 10 | 2147483647 | 64
max_pred_locks_per_transaction | postmaster | 10 | 2147483647 | 64
max_prepared_transactions | postmaster | 0 | 8388607 | 0
max_stack_depth | superuser | 100 | 2147483647 | 100
max_standby_archive_delay | sighup | -1 | 2147483647 | 30000
max_standby_streaming_delay | sighup | -1 | 2147483647 | 30000
max_wal_senders | postmaster | 0 | 8388607 | 0
password_encryption | user | | | on
port | postmaster | 1 | 65535 | 5432
post_auth_delay | backend | 0 | 2147 | 0
pre_auth_delay | sighup | 0 | 60 | 0
quote_all_identifiers | user | | | off
random_page_cost | user | 0 | 1.79769e+308 | 4
restart_after_crash | sighup | | | on
search_path | user | | | "$user",public
segment_size | internal | 131072 | 131072 | 131072
seq_page_cost | user | 0 | 1.79769e+308 | 1
server_encoding | internal | | | SQL_ASCII
server_version | internal | | | 9.3.5
server_version_num | internal | 90305 | 90305 | 90305
session_replication_role | superuser | | | origin
shared_buffers | postmaster | 16 | 1073741823 | 1024
shared_preload_libraries | postmaster | | |
sql_inheritance | user | | | on
ssl | postmaster | | | off
ssl_ca_file | postmaster | | |
ssl_cert_file | postmaster | | | server.crt
ssl_ciphers | postmaster | | | DEFAULT:!LOW:!EXP:!MD5:@STRENGTH
ssl_crl_file | postmaster | | |
ssl_key_file | postmaster | | | server.key
ssl_renegotiation_limit | user | 0 | 2147483647 | 524288
standard_conforming_strings | user | | | on
statement_timeout | user | 0 | 2147483647 | 0
stats_temp_directory | sighup | | | pg_stat_tmp
superuser_reserved_connections | postmaster | 0 | 8388607 | 3
synchronize_seqscans | user | | | on
synchronous_commit | user | | | on
synchronous_standby_names | sighup | | |
syslog_facility | sighup | | | local0
syslog_ident | sighup | | | postgres
tcp_keepalives_count | user | 0 | 2147483647 | 0
tcp_keepalives_idle | user | 0 | 2147483647 | 0
tcp_keepalives_interval | user | 0 | 2147483647 | 0
temp_buffers | user | 100 | 1073741823 | 1024
temp_file_limit | superuser | -1 | 2147483647 | -1
temp_tablespaces | user | | |
TimeZone | user | | | GMT
timezone_abbreviations | user | | |
trace_notify | user | | | off
trace_recovery_messages | sighup | | | log
trace_sort | user | | | off
track_activities | superuser | | | on
track_activity_query_size | postmaster | 100 | 102400 | 1024
track_counts | superuser | | | on
track_functions | superuser | | | none
track_io_timing | superuser | | | off
transaction_deferrable | user | | | off
transaction_isolation | user | | | default
transaction_read_only | user | | | off
transform_null_equals | user | | | off
unix_socket_directories | postmaster | | | /var/run/postgresql
unix_socket_group | postmaster | | |
unix_socket_permissions | postmaster | 0 | 511 | 511
update_process_title | superuser | | | on
vacuum_cost_delay | user | 0 | 100 | 0
vacuum_cost_limit | user | 1 | 10000 | 200
vacuum_cost_page_dirty | user | 0 | 10000 | 20
vacuum_cost_page_hit | user | 0 | 10000 | 1
vacuum_cost_page_miss | user | 0 | 10000 | 10
vacuum_defer_cleanup_age | sighup | 0 | 1000000 | 0
vacuum_freeze_min_age | user | 0 | 1000000000 | 50000000
vacuum_freeze_table_age | user | 0 | 2000000000 | 150000000
vacuum_multixact_freeze_min_age | user | 0 | 1000000000 | 5000000
vacuum_multixact_freeze_table_age | user | 0 | 2000000000 | 150000000
wal_block_size | internal | 8192 | 8192 | 8192
wal_buffers | postmaster | -1 | 2147483647 | -1
wal_keep_segments | sighup | 0 | 2147483647 | 0
wal_level | postmaster | | | minimal
wal_receiver_status_interval | sighup | 0 | 2147483 | 10
wal_receiver_timeout | sighup | 0 | 2147483647 | 60000
wal_segment_size | internal | 2048 | 2048 | 2048
wal_sender_timeout | sighup | 0 | 2147483647 | 60000
wal_sync_method | sighup | | | fdatasync
wal_writer_delay | sighup | 1 | 10000 | 200
work_mem | user | 64 | 2147483647 | 1024
xmlbinary | user | | | base64
xmloption | user | | | content
zero_damaged_pages | superuser | | | off
SELECT DISTINCT ON (unit_id),unit_timestamp FROM t ORDER BY unit_timestamp DESCUn índice separado en unit_timestamp ayudaría.Respuestas:
Consulta
Su consulta se ve obligada a escanear toda la tabla (o todo el índice). Cada fila podría ser otra unidad distinta. La única forma de acortar sustancialmente el proceso sería una tabla separada con todas las unidades disponibles , lo que ayudaría siempre que haya sustancialmente menos unidades que entradas
all_units.Como tiene ~ 11k unidades (agregadas en el comentario) para 25 millones de entradas, esto definitivamente debería ayudar.
Dependiendo de las frecuencias de los valores, hay un par de técnicas de consulta para obtener su resultado considerablemente más rápido:
JOIN LATERALDetalles en esta respuesta relacionada sobre SO:
Solo necesitando el índice implícito de la clave primaria activada
(unit_id, unit_timestamp), esta consulta debería funcionar, usando un implícitoJOIN LATERAL:Excluye unidades sin entrada
all_units, como su consulta original.O una subconsulta poco correlacionada (probablemente incluso más rápida):
Incluye unidades sin entrada
all_units.La eficiencia depende del número de entradas por unidad . Cuantas más entradas, más potencial para una de estas consultas.
En una prueba local rápida con tablas similares (500 "unidades", 1 millón de filas en una tabla grande), la consulta con subconsultas correlacionadas fue ~ 500 veces más rápida que la original. Escaneos de solo índice en el índice PK de la tabla grande vs. escaneo secuencial en su consulta original.
Desde su mesa
tends to get even larger rapidly, una vista materializada probablemente no sea una opción.También existe
DISTINCT ONotra técnica de consulta posible, pero difícilmente será más rápida que su consulta original, por lo que no es la respuesta que está buscando. Detalles aquí:Índice
Su
partial_idx:De hecho, no es un índice parcial y también es redundante. Postgres puede escanear índices hacia atrás prácticamente a la misma velocidad, la PK sirve bien. soltar este índice adicional.
Diseño de la mesa
Un par de puntos para la definición de su tabla.
timestamp(6)no tiene mucho sentido, es efectivamente lo mismo que solotimestamp, lo que ya ahorra un máximo de 6 dígitos fraccionarios.Cambié las posiciones de las dos primeras columnas para guardar 4 bytes de relleno, lo que equivale a ~ 100 MB para 25 millones de filas (el resultado exacto depende de
status). Las tablas más pequeñas suelen ser más rápidas para todo.Si
statusno es texto libre, sino algún tipo de nota estandarizada, puede reemplazarlo por algo mucho más barato. Más sobrevarchar(255)Postgres .Configuración del servidor
Necesita configurar su servidor. La mayoría de sus configuraciones parecen ser valores predeterminados conservadores. 1 MB
shared_buffersowork_memparece demasiado bajo para una instalación con millones de filas. Yrandom_pare_cost = 4es demasiado alto para cualquier sistema moderno con mucha RAM. Comience con el manual y el Wiki de Postgres:fuente
DISTINCT ONmétodo en la lista de técnicas de consulta para este problema (por supuesto, si OP quiere mostrar todas las filas como él dice, y no solo las 2 columnas como muestra el código)invalid reference to FROM-clause entry for table "u"en estaWHEREcláusula en la consulta interna. Lo siento, pero no soy tan bueno con las bases de datos, así que no me oprimí la cabeza ya que la segunda consulta ya ayudó mucho.